GPR & Electromagnetic Techniques in HDD
GPR is primarily used to delineate the upper bedrock surface and provide data on the distribution and characteristics of the overlying soils, such as sands and gravels. However, GPR has a significant limitation—it cannot penetrate or provide data through clay layers of any thickness. In cases where clay layers are present, electromagnetic techniques are used instead. These two methods can be combined effectively: GPR is used for granular soils, while electromagnetic techniques are employed to analyze clay layers, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the subsurface conditions.