Iterative Calculation of Pipeline Outlet Temperature: Methodology and Convergence
Here we review the calculation of the overall heat transfer coefficient for a pipeline, highlighting how it is determined by combining multiple resistance elements from conduction, convection, and occasionally radiation. Each resistance is calculated based on specific empirical or first-principle equations, including the boundary layer film, pipe wall, coating, insulation, and outer surface interactions, whether the pipeline is buried, submerged, or exposed to air. By summing these individual resistances, the overall heat transfer coefficient is obtained, which is crucial for accurately modeling heat transfer in pipelines.
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